Nonterminal olefin of C ₁₃~C ₁₄ and maleic anhydride were used as raw materials to prepare alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) in a probe reaction. SO ₄ ^2-/TiO ₂ solid acid catalyst was used to synthesize ASA. The catalytic activity and stability of the catalyst were studied. The yield was quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography. The results show that SO ₄ ^2-/TiO ₂ catalyst has high activity and good stability in the synthesis of ASA. The optimum conditions are as follows: the calcination temperature of catalyst is 550 ℃, reaction temperature is 190 ℃, reaction time is 5 h, the amount of catalyst is 1% compared with reactant total mass, the molar ratio of nonterminal olefin and anhydride is 3∶1, and the amount of antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol is 0.5% compared with reactant total mass. The yield of ASA reaches 46.8% in the optimum conditions.

Cyclohexanone 1,2-propanediol ketal was synthesized by using cyclohexanone 1,2-propylene glycol as starting materials and silica-supported ferric sulfate \[Fe ₂(SO ₄) ₃/SiO ₂\] solid acid as a catalyst under solvent-less conditions. The catalyst was prepared by sol-gel and impregnation methods. Efects of factors on yield of product，such as calcination temperature of Fe ₂(SO ₄) ₃/SiO ₂ solid acid catalyst, the mass fration of Fe ₂(SO ₄) ₃, molar ratio of the reactant，reaction time，mass fraction of catalyst and its stability，were investigated in detail. The results show that the Fe ₂(SO ₄) ₃/SiO ₂ has high catalytic activities. The optimal reaction conditions are: calcination temperatures of Fe ₂₍SO ₄) ₃/SiO ₂ solid acid catalyst 300 ℃, the mass fration of Fe ₂(SO ₄) ₃ in SiO ₂ 20%, molar ratio of cyclohexanone to 1,2-propanediol 1∶1, the mass fraction of catalyst 5% and the reaction time 70 min. Under the above conditions the yield of cyclohexanone 1,2-propanediol ketal is 98.21%. Fe ₂(SO ₄) ₃/SiO ₂ catalyst is excellent in stability and reusability，and yield of cyclohexanone 1,2-propanediol ketal keeps at 88.90% after being used for 5 times

Amorphous carbon-based material prepared from expanded starch and p-toluene sulfonic acid has been examined as a novel strong solid acid catalyst. The catalytic performances were studied on esterification of oleic acids with ethanol. The effects of molar ratio of alcohol with oleic acid, catalyst concentration and reaction time were discussed. The results of XRD and acid-base titration indicated the incompletely carbonization of the mixtures of expanded starch and p-toluene sulfonic acid results in amorphous carbon consisting of small polycyclic aromatic carbon sheets. The results indicate that carbon-based catalysts are highly effective, minimally polluting and reusable catalysts that are highly suited to the production of biodiesel from waste oils with a high acid value. When the esterification reaction was carried out with molar ratio of ethanol to oleic acid of 8∶1, reaction time of 6.0 h and w(catalyst) 5.0％，the maximum yield of ethyl oleate was 83.78％. There was very little change in the catalytic activity of the regenerated catalyst, even after six cycles.